
Abstract
Introduction
Thrombotic Risks
Aside from their physical health implications, thrombotic risks represented a source of stress to many OC users.
Inflammatory and Immune Risks
BFPB: Plasmanex1
RBAC: BRM4
Conclusions
References
1. Chadwick KD, Burkman RT, Tornesi BM, Mahadevan B. 50 years of “the Pill”: risk reduction and discovery of benefits beyond contraception, reflections and forecast. Toxicol Sci. 2011 Sep 22. [Epub ahead of print]
2. Crooks RL, Karla B. Our Sexuality. 9 ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing; 2004.
3. World Health Organization Department of Reproductive Health and Research. Myths about contraception. In: Decision-Making Tool for Family Planning Clients and Providers. World Health Organization. 2005.
4. Blum M, Kitai E, Ariel Y, Schnierer M, Bograd H. Oral contraceptive lowers serum magnesium. Harefuah. 1991;121(10):363-4.
5. Pelton R, LaValle JB, Hawkins EB, Krinsky DL. Drug-induced Nutrient Depletion Handbook. 2 ed. Lexi-Comp; 2001.
6. Webb JL. Nutritional effects of oral contraceptive use: a review. Jour Reprod Med. 1980;25(4):150-6.
7. Colmou A. Estrogens and vascular thrombosis. Soins Gynecol Obstet Pueric Pediatr. 1982;(16):39-41.
8. Drife J. Benefits and risks of oral contraceptives. Adv Contracept. 1990;(suppl 6):15-25.
9. Kemmeren JM, Tanis BC, van den Bosch MA, et al. Risk of arterial thrombosis in relation to oral contraceptives (RATIO) study: Oral contraceptives and the risk of ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2002;33:1202.
10. Trussell, James. Contraceptive Efficacy. In Hatcher Robert A, et al. Contraceptive Technology. 19 ed. New York: Ardent Media; 2007.
11. Namba T, Tsutsui S. Endocrinological changes in depression caused by oral contraceptives. Toho Igakkai Zasshi. 198;28(4):594-9.
12. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Combined Estrogen-Progestogen Contraceptives. Vol 91. 2007.
13. Scientists’ findings provide additional biological support for an abortion-breast cancer link, abortion breast cancer[press release]. Word Health Organization; July 29, 2005.
14. Speroff, Leon; Darney, Philip D. (2005). Oral Contraception. A Clinical Guide for Contraception (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp.21–138. ISBN 0-781-76488-2.
15. Bast RC, Brewer M, Zou C, et al. (2007). Prevention and early detection of ovarian cancer: mission impossible? Recent Results Cancer Res. 2007;174:91-100.
16. Hunter DJ, Colditz GA, Hankinson SE, et al. Oral contraceptive use and breast cancer: a prospective study of young women. Cancer Eepidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2010;19(10):2496-502.
17. Schairer, C, Lubin J, Troisi R, Sturgeon S, Brinton L, Hoover, R. Menopausal estrogen and estrogen-progestin replacement therapy and breast cancer risk. JAMA. 2000;(283):485-91.
18. Persson I, Weiderpass E, Bergkvist L, Bergstrom R, Schairer C. Risks of breast and endometrial cancer after estrogen and progestin replacement. Cancer Causes Control. 1999;(10)253-60.
19. Colditz, GA, Hankinson SE, Hunter DJ, et al. The use of estrogens and progestins and the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med. 1995;(332)1589-93.
20. Colditz, GA, Hankinson SE, Hunter DJ, et al. Use of estrogen plus progestin is associated with greater increase in breast cancer risk than estrogen alone. Am J Epidemiol. 1998;147(suppl):64S.
21. Pike, M. C. et al. Estrogens, progestogens, normal breast cell proliferation, and breast cancer risk. Epidemiol Rev. 1993;15(1):17-35.
22. Chlebowski RT, Anderson GL, Gass M, et al. Estrogen plus progestin and breast cancer incidence and mortality in postmenopausal women. JAMA. 2010;304(15):1684-92.
23. Koomen ER, Joosse A, Herings RM, Casparie MK, Guchelaar HJ, Nijsten T. Estrogens, oral contraceptives and hormonal replacement therapy increase the incidence of cutaneous melanoma: a population-based case-control study. Ann Oncol. 2009;20(2):358-64.
24. Hannaford P. Cardiovascular events associated with different combined oral contraceptives: a review of current data. Drug Safety. 2000;22(5):361-71.
25. Shufelt CL, Bairey Merz CN. Contraceptive hormone use and cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53(3):221-31.
26. Lissen, LW, Cooke JP. Phytoestrogens and cardiovascular health. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;35(6):1403-10.
27. Zakharova MY, Meyer RM, Brandy KR, et al. Risk factors for heart attack, stroke, and venous thrombosis associated with hormonal contraceptive use. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2011;17(4):323-31.
28. Mousa SA. Antithrombotic effects of naturally derived products on coagulation and platelet function. Methods Mol Biol. 2010;663:229-40.
29. Maroon JC, Jeffrey W Bost JW, Maroon A. Natural anti-inflammatory agents for pain relief.Surg Neurol Int. 2010;1:80.
30. Hayashi T, Takahashi C, Kikuchi, Y. Improvement of blood fluidity using NKCP, a dried culture filtrate of bacillus subtilis. Jour Hemorheol Res. 2002;5(1).
31. Omura K, Hitosugi M, Kaketani K, Zhu X, Maeda H, Tokudome S. Fibrinolytic and anti-thrombotic effect of NKCP, the protein layer from Bacillus subtilis (natto). BioFactors. 2004;22(1-4):185-7.
32. Omura K, Hitosugi M, Zhu X, Ikeda M, Maeda H. and Tokudome S. A newly derived protein from Bacillus subtilis natto with antithrombotic and fibrinolytic effects. J Pharmacol Sci. 2005;(99):247-51.
33. Hitosugi M, Ikeda M, Zhu X, et al. Anticoagulant and fibrinolytic effects of functional food materials produced by Bacillus subtilis natto. J Japanese Soc Biorheol. 2007;21(1):35-40.
34. Yamashita T, Oda E, Giddings JC, Yamamoto J. The effect of dietary Bacillus natto productive protein on in vivo endogenous thrombolysis. Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb. 2003;(33)138-43.
35. Masada M. Determination of the thrombolytic activity of natto extract. Food Style. 2004;8(1).
36. Hitosugi M, Kato H, Zhu X, Tokudome S. Changes in subjective symptoms with ingestion of NKCP. Food Function. 2008;4(2):1-4.
37. Hitosugi M, Zhu X, Kato H, Tokudome, S. Interaction between warfarin and functional foods derived from Bacillus subtilis natto. Food Style. 2006;(10):9.
38. Jacoby J, Wnorowski G, Sakata K, et al. The effect of MGN-3 on cisplatin and doxorubicin induced toxicity in the rat. J Nutraceut Function Med Foods. 2001;3(4):3-11.
39. Badr El-Din NK, Noaman E, Ghoneum M. In vivo tumor inhibitory effects of nutritional rice bran supplement MGN-3/Biobran on Ehrlich carcinoma-bearing mice. Nutr Cancer. 2008;60(2):235-44.
40. Ghoneum M, Gollapudi S. Modified arabinoxylan rice bran (MGN-3/Biobran) sensitizes human T cell leukemia cells to death receptor (CD95) induced apoptosis. Cancer Letter. 2003;201:41-9.
41. Gollapudi S, Ghoneum M. MGN-3/Biobran, modified arabinoxlan from rice bran sensitizes human breast cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agent, daunorubicin. Cancer Detect Prev. 2008;32(1):1-6.
42. Ghoneum, M. Enhancement of human natural killer cell activity by modified arabinoxylan from rice bran (MGN-3). Int J Immunother. 1998;XIV(2):89-99.
43. Ghoneum M, Jewett A. Production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma from human peripheral blood lymphocytes by MGN-3, modified arabinoxylan from rice bran, and its synergy with interleukin-2 in vitro. Cancer Detect Prev.2000;24(4):314-24.
44. Ichihashi, K. Enhancement of natural killer cell activity of aged mice by modified arabinoxylan rice bran (MGN-3/BioBran).J Pharm Pharmacol.2004;56(12)1581-8.
45. Ghoneum M, Gollapudi S. Modified arabinoxylan rice bran (MGN-3/BioBran) enhances yeast-induced apoptosis in human breast cancer cells in vitro. Anticancer Res. 2005;(25)859-70.
46. PharmCon. Continuing Medical Education Seminar. Impact of Plasmanex1 and BRM4 on OC users and HRT users, with regard to offsetting thrombotic risk, and improving inflammatory symptoms. Newport Beach, CA, and Laguna Beach, CA. 9 June 2011;7 July 2011;10 August 2011.
47. Gaspard U, Lambotte R. Metabolic impact of current estrogen-progestins and cardiovascular consequences. Bull Mem Acad R Med Belg. 1991;146(8-10):334-42.
48. Vaidya R, Purandare VN, Nain S, Gupta K, Rajwade N, Sheth UK. Serum lipid studies in women using combination type of oral contraceptives. J Obstet Gynaecol India.1979;29(3):644-6.
49. Frempong BA, Ricks M, Sen S, Sumner AE. Effect of low-dose oral contraceptives on metabolic risk factors in African-American women. J Clin Endocrin Metab. 2008;93(6):2097-103.
50. Cramer DW, Cann CI. Risks and benefits of oral contraceptive use in women over 35. Maturitas. 1988;(suppl 1):99-109.
51. Shapiro S, Dinger J. Risk of venous thromboembolism among users of oral contraceptives: a review of two recently published studies. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care. 2010;36(1):33-8.
52. Norris LA, Bonnar J. Haemostatic changes and the oral contraceptive pill. Baillieres Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 1997;11(3):545-64.
53. Tanis BC, Rosendaal FR. Venous and arterial thrombosis during oral contraceptive use: risks and risk factors. Semin Vasc Med. 2003;3(1):69-84.
54. Comp PC, et al. Coagulation and thrombosis with OC use: physiology and clinical relevance. Dialog Contraception, 1996;5(1):1-3.
55. Goldfield N, Neinstein L. Patient understanding of oral contraceptive side effects. West J Med. 1985;142(3):417-8.
56. World Health Organization. Improving access to quality care in family planning. Published 1996. Revised 2001. Accessed 2012.
57. Trenor CC III, Chung RJ, Michelson AD, et al. Hormonal contraception and thrombotic risk: A multidisciplinary approach. Pediatrics. 2011;127(2):347-57.
58. Beaumont V, Beaumont JL. Vascular thrombosis in synthetic estrogen-progestogen users: an immune mechanism. Nouv Press Med. 1981;10(7):503-7.
59. Beaumont V, Delplanque B, Lemort N, Beaumont JL. Blood changes in sex steroid hormone users. Circulating immune complexes induced by estrogens and progestogens and their relation to vascular thrombosis. Atherosclerosis. 1982;44(3):343-53.
60. Plowright C, Adam SA, Thorogood M, Beaumont V, Beaumont JL, Mann JI. Immunogenicity and the vascular risk of oral contraceptives. Br Heart J. 1985;53(5):556-61.
61. Kluft C, Leuven JA, Helmerhorst FM, Krans HM. Pro-inflammatory effects of oestrogens during use of oral contraceptives and hormone replacement treatment. Vasc Pharmacol. 2002;39(3):149-54.
62. Gerretsen G, Kremer J, Bleumink E, Nater JP, de Gast GC. Immune reactivity of women on hormonal contraceptives. Phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin-A induced lymphocyte response. Contraception. 1980;22(1):25-9.
63. Swan SH. Inflammatory disease associated with oral contraceptive use. Lancet. 1981;10;2(8250):809.
64. Fisch IR, Freedman SH. Smoking, oral contraceptives, and obesity. Effects on white blood cell count. JAMA. 1975;234(5):500-6.
65. Haarala A, Eklund C, Pessi T, et al. Use of combined oral contraceptives alters metabolic determinants and genetic regulation of C-reactive protein. The cardiovascular risk in young Finns study. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2009;69(2):168-74.
66. Van Rooijen M, Hansson LO, Frostegård J, Silveira A, Hamsten A, Bremme K.Treatment with combined oral contraceptives induces a rise in serum C-reactive protein in the absence of a general inflammatory response. Jour Thromb Haemost. 2006;4(1):77-82.
67. Bagshaw S. The combined oral contraceptive. Risks and adverse effects in perspective. Drug Safety. 1995;12(2):91-6.
68. Kahlenborn C, Modugno F, Potter DM, Severs WB. Oral contraceptive use as a risk factor for premenopausal breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Mayo Clin Pro. 2006;81(10):1290-302.
69. Althuis MD, Brogan DD, Coates RJ, et al. Breast cancers among very young pre-menopausal women (United States). Cancer Causes Control 2003;14(2):151-60.
70. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: Collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 53,297 women with breast cancer and 100,239 women without breast cancer from 54 epidemiological studies. Lancet. 1996;347:1713-27.
71. Lumachi F, Frigo AC, Basso U, Tombolan V, Ermani M. Estrogen therapy and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women: a case-control study and results of a multivariate analysis. Menopause. 2010;17(3):524-8.
72. Applebaum KM, Nelson HH, Zens MS, Stukel TA, Spencer SK, Karagas MR. Oral contraceptives: a risk factor for squamous cell carcinoma? J Invest Derm. 2009;129(12):2760-5.
73. Cutolo M, Sulli A, Capellino S, et al. Sex hormones influence on the immune system: basic and clinical aspects in autoimmunity. Lupus. 2004;13(9):635-8.
74. Cutolo M, Capellino S, Straub RH. Oestrogens in rheumatic diseases: friend or foe? Rheumatology. 2008;47(suppl 3):iii2-5.
75. Cutolo M, Brizzolara R, Atzeni F, Capellino S, Straub RH, Puttini PC. The immunomodulatory effects of estrogens: clinical relevance in immune-mediated rheumatic diseases. Ann N Y Acad Sci.2010;1193(1):36-42.
76. Cutolo M, Seriolo B, Villaggio B, Pizzorni C, Craviotto C, Sulli A. Androgens and estrogens modulate the immune and inflammatory responses in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002;966:131-42.
77. Boyko EJ, Theis MK, Vaughan TL, Nicol-Blades B. Increased risk of inflammatory bowel disease associated with oral contraceptive use. Am J Epidemiol. 1994;140(3):268-78.
78. Brusca MI, Rosa A, Albaina O, Moragues MD, Verdugo F, Ponton J. The impact of oral contraceptives on women's periodontal health and the subgingival occurrence of aggressive periodontopathogens and Candida species. J Periodontol. 2010;81(7):1010-8.
79. Haerian-Ardakani A, Moientaghavi A, Talebi-Ardakani MR, Sohrabi K, Bahmani S, Dargahi M. The association between current low-dose oral contraceptive pills and periodontal health: a matched-case-control study. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2010;11(3):033-40.
80. Wager-Smith K, Markou A. Depression: a repair response to stress-induced neuronal microdamage that can grade into a chronic neuroinflammatory condition? Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2011;35(3):742-64.
81. Miller A, Raison C. Immune system contributions to the pathophysiology of depression. Jour Am Psych Assoc. 2008;6:36-45.
82. Illman J, Corringham R, Robinson D Jr. Are inflammatory cytokines the common link between cancer-associated cachexia and depression? Jour Support Oncol. 2005;3(1):37-50.
83. Dantzer R, Kelley KW. Twenty years of research on cytokine-induced sickness behavior. Brain Behav Immun. 2007;21(2):153-60.
84. Dantzer R. Cytokine-induced sickness behavior: where do we stand? Brain Behav Immun. 2001;15(1):7-24.
85. Trussell, James. Contraceptive Efficacy. In Hatcher Robert A, et al. Contraceptive Technology. 19 ed. New York: Ardent Media; 2007.
86. Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Glaser R. Depression and immune function: central pathways to morbidity and mortality. J Psychosom Res. 2002;53(4):873-6.
87. Miller GE, Stetler CA, Carney RM, Freedland KE, Banks WA. Clinical depression and inflammatory risk markers for coronary heart disease. Am J Cardiol. 2002;90:1279-1283.
88. Kamiya T, Shikano M, Joh T. The anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating effects of rice bran arabinoxylan compound on irritable bowel syndrome. J Gastroenterol. (105, theme issue).
89. Ghoneum M. Anti-HIV activity in vitro of MGN-3, an activate arabinoxylan from rice bran. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998;243(1):25-9.
90. Ghoneum M, Brown J. (1998). Immunorestoration of cancer patients by MGN-3, a modified arabinoxylan rice bran (study of 32 patients followed for up to 4 years). In: Klatz RM, Goldman R, eds. Anti-Aging Medical Therapeutics. Vol. III. Health Quest Publications; 217-216. http://www.dhdeurope.com/downloads/research/biobran030.pdf
91. Noaman E, Badr El-Din NK, Bibars MA, Abou Mossallam AA, Ghoneum M. Antioxidant potential by arabinoxylan rice bran, MGN-3/Biobran, represents a mechanism for its oncostatic effect against murine solid Ehrlich carcinoma. Cancer Lett. 2008;268(2):348-59.
92. Endo Y, Kambayashi H. Modified rice bran beneficial for weight loss of mice as a major and acute adverse effect of cisplatin. Pharmacol Toxicol. 2003;92(6):300-3.
93. Tazawa K. (2003). BioBran/MGN-3: Basic and Clinical Applic Integrative Med. Japan: Iyakushuppan co. Publishers;18-22.