1. Home
  2. February 2013 Vol. 5 Issue 2

Green Tea and Gastrointestinal Cancers

Regular consumption of green tea may affect the development of GI cancers

By Kaycie Rosen Grigel, ND

Printer Friendly PagePrinter Friendly Page

Reference

Prospective cohort study of tea consumption and risk of digestive system cancers: results from the Shanghai Women’s Health Study (SWHS). Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;96: 1056-1063.
 

Design

The Shanghai Women’s Health Study is a population-based prospective cohort study on middle-aged and older women.
 

Participants

74,941 women aged 40–70 were recruited from 7 urban areas around Shanghai, China from December 1996 through May 2000, with a participation rate of 92.7%. Criteria for exclusion included regular smoking or alcohol consumption at any time (n=3,513), loss to follow-up (n=7), or missing or implausible data (n=2,111), for a final sample of 69,310.
 

Study Medication and Dosage

Those women who had been drinking tea regularly (at least 3 times/week for at least 6 months) were included in the “regular tea drinker” category (n=19,382), which was approximately 28% of the cohort. Of the regular tea drinkers, 88% drank green tea only; 5.1% drank a combination of green, black, and scented teas; 3.5% drank only scented tea (such as jasmine); 1.1% drank only black tea; 0.7% drank only oolong; and 1.4% drank other types of tea.
 

Outcome Measures

The baseline survey included an in-person interview, self-administered questionnaire, and anthropometric measurements. Information was collected on demographics, diet, lifestyle habits, menstrual and reproductive history, occupational history, and some health and lifestyle information about their spouses. Follow-up includes an in-person interview every 2–3 years; 3 of these have been conducted so far. Data on vital status and cancer diagnoses were also obtained through the population-based Shanghai cancer and vital statistics registries and were confirmed via home visits and medical chart review. For the purposes of this article, data was included for stomach, esophageal, colon, rectal, pancreatic, liver, and gallbladder/bile duct cancers.
 

Key Findings

After a mean follow-up of 11 years, 1,255 digestive system cancers occurred. In comparison to women who reported never having been regular tea drinkers, regular tea intake was associated with a 17% reduction in risk for all digestive system cancers combined (HR: 0.86, 95% CI). This reduction increased as amount and years of consumption increased: Women who consumed at least 150 g of tea per month (2–3 cups/day) had a 21% reduced risk for digestive system cancers. Those who reported tea consumption for at least 20 years had a 27% reduced risk for all digestive cancers and a 29% reduced risk for colorectal cancer. Women who reported drinking tea at both the baseline and follow-up surveys had reduced risk for all digestive cancers combined (HR: 0.74, 95% CI), cancers of the stomach and esophagus combined, and colorectal cancer. For those who reported drinking tea only at baseline or at 1 follow up, there was no associated risk reduction. There was no risk reduction of liver or pancreatic cancer with any level of tea consumption.
 

Practice Implications

This is the latest addition to the growing body of research on the effect of green tea on cancer risk, particularly cancers of the digestive tract. In particular, the SWHS found an inverse association between long-term consumption of tea (primarily green tea) and cancers of the esophagus, stomach, and colorectal areas. This study did not find this association for liver or pancreatic cancers. There have been a number of studies, meta-analyses and epidemiologic reviews on tea consumption and incident gastrointestinal (GI) cancers with mixed results. This study gives us more information to compare with the available literature to further understand the relationship between tea consumption and GI cancer prevention.
 
One important note to remember is that the SWHS and similar studies are looking at a lifestyle habit of green tea consumption rather than supplementation with freeze-dried tea or extracted subfractions of green tea, such as epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). Although many in vitro studies have shown catechins such as EGCG to have cancer preventative properties,1–7 the SWHS has the benefit of showing the long-term effect of humans making specific food choices. One result we see from this study is better results with greater consumption over a longer period of time. Especially in the case of colorectal cancer, cancer prevention from drinking tea is most effective with a lifetime of exposure. Additionally, there are studies that advocate for consumption of unfractionated green tea based on the notion that there are multiple compounds contained within green tea that may work synergistically.8
 
SWHS and similar studies are looking at a lifestyle habit of green tea consumption rather than supplementation with freeze-dried tea or extracted subfractions of green tea, such as epigallocatechin-3-gallate.
 
 
One variable related to whether green tea drinking is found to have an inverse relationship to GI cancers is where the studies were performed. In general, Chinese and US studies have shown an inverse relationship between green tea consumption and GI cancer risk,9–14 while studies from Japan, Korea, and Singapore have shown mixed results.15–19 Across all of these regions the species of plant does not differ. Green tea is always Camellia sinensis; however, the processing of the leaves differs significantly by region. Japanese green tea is generally steam-processed, while Chinese green tea is dry roasted. It is possible that the dry roasting preparation better preserves cancer preventative constituents than steaming. Another study specifically found preventative effects from unfermented green tea on squamous cell carcinomas of the esophagus.20 Fermented green teas, such as Pu Erh, are popular in Tibet and Southern China, whereas most of the Chinese studies have been performed in Shanghai, which is in the far west side of China.
 
Another important variable to note in these studies is gender. While generally the Japanese studies have found no cancer prevention benefit overall from green tea, some have found an inverse relation between tea consumption and cancer risk in women only.21,22 The question exists then if there is a difference between the protective effect of green tea in men and women or if there are other factors that account for this difference.
 
According to the authors of this study, in Asian men, drinking alcohol and smoking cigarettes frequently accompanies green tea consumption. So those men who drink tea more frequently also generally have higher tobacco and alcohol consumption. Most Chinese women neither drink nor smoke, which eliminates these possible confounders from the current study. However, one Chinese study found green tea to reduce gastric cancer risk in men and women who were also heavy drinkers.23 Results from the Shanghai Men’s Health Study showed the same protective effect of green tea consumption on colorectal cancer, but only in nonsmokers.24 These two studies suggest that consumption of green tea of Chinese origin is protective for cancers of the GI tract for both men and women, but smoking negates this protective effect. Interestingly, one of the meta-analyses from Korea that found no protective effect was conducted at a smoking cessation facility, which begs the question of whether their data was on smokers only.25 Another less obvious factor is the temperature at which people chose to drink their tea. Especially in drinkers and smokers, drinking tea at high temperatures (above 70º C) significantly increases the risk of esophageal and gastric cancers.26–28
 
Several other lifestyle factors related to this study are also important to consider. In the SWHS, regular tea drinkers were younger, more highly educated, and more likely to have a professional occupation. In addition to being nonsmokers and nondrinkers, tea drinkers in this study also reported other habits that were possibly cancer preventative such as greater physical activity and fruit and vegetable intake. However, they were also more likely to be overweight and to report a family history of digestive system cancers and diabetes. All of these confounders were accounted for in the data but could possibly affect the overall outcome.
 

Summary

We can take away several points from the SWHS within the context of the other work that has been published on the subject: Regular drinking of Chinese processed green tea at a temperature under 70º C has an inverse relation to the risk of developing cancers of the esophagus, stomach, and colon. This protective effect increases with time and amount of tea consumed each day. Alcohol consumption does not seem to affect this, but smoking diminishes or eliminates this benefit. Advising patients, especially those with a family history or other risk factors for cancers of the digestive tract, to adopt the ritual of drinking green tea daily is a sensible preventative decision.
 
For more research involving integrative oncology, click here.

About the Author

Kaycie Rosen Grigel, ND, is a Naturopathic Doctor who specializes in endocrinology, digestion, and family health. She graduated magna com laude from the University of Colorado at Boulder, and received her doctorate of Naturopathic medicine from Bastyr University. She practiced in Anchorage, Alaska before returning to her home state of Colorado. She has owned the Golden Naturopathic Clinic, LLC since 2006. Dr Grigel lives, practices, cooks, and plays with her husband, two daughters, and dog in Golden, Colorado.

References

1. Zhou F, Zhou H, Wang T et al. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits proliferation and migration of human colon cancer SW620 cells in vitro. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2012 Jan;33(1):120-6. doi: 10.1038/aps.2011.139. Epub 2011 Nov 21.
2. Chen L, Zhang HY. Cancer preventive mechanisms of the green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate. Molecules. 2007 May 3;12(5):946-57.
3. Shankar S, Ganapathy S, Srivastava RK. Green tea polyphenols: biology and therapeutic implications in cancer. Front Biosci. 2007 Sep 1;12:4881-99.
4. Gutierrez-Orozco F, Stephens BR, Neilson AP, et al. Green and black tea inhibit cytokine-induced IL-8 production and secretion in AGS gastric cancer cells via inhibition of NF-κB activity. Planta Med. 2010 Oct;76(15):1659-65. Epub 2010 May 26.
5. Onoda C, Kuribayashi K, Nirasawa S, et al. (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate induces apoptosis in gastric cancer cell lines by down-regulating survivin expression. Int J Oncol. 2011 May;38(5):1403-8. doi: 10.3892/ijo.2011.951. Epub 2011 Feb 22.
6. Tanaka T, Ishii T, Mizuno D, et al. (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate suppresses growth of AZ521 human gastric cancer cells by targeting the DEAD-box RNA helicase p68. Free Radic Biol Med. 2011 May 15;50(10):1324-35. Epub 2011 Jan 26.
7. Sukhthankar M, Alberti S, Baek SJ.(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) post-transcriptionally and post-translationally suppresses the cell proliferative protein TROP2 in human colorectal cancer cells. Anticancer Res. 2010 Jul;30(7):2497-503.
8. Koo MW, Cho CH. Pharmacological effects of green tea on the gastrointestinal system. Eur J Pharmacol. 2004 Oct 1;500(1-3):177-85.
9. Yu GP, Hsieh CC, Wang LY, et al. Green-tea consumption and risk of stomach cancer: a population-based case-control study in Shanghai, China.Cancer Causes Control. 1995 Nov;6(6):532-8.
10. Ji BT, Chow WH, Yang G, et al. The influence of cigarette smoking, alcohol, and green tea consumption on the risk of carcinoma of the cardia and distal stomach in Shanghai, China. Cancer. 1996 Jun 15;77(12):2449-57.\
11. Yang G, Zheng W, Xiang YB, et al. Green tea consumption and colorectal cancer risk: a report from the Shanghai Men's Health Study. Carcinogenesis. 2011 Nov;32(11):1684-8. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgr186. Epub 2011 Aug 19.
12. Chen Z, Chen Q, Xia H,et al. Green tea drinking habits and esophageal cancer in southern China: a case-control study.Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2011;12(1):229-33.
13. Yuan JM, Sun C, Butler LM. Tea and cancer prevention: epidemiological studies. Pharmacol Res. 2011 Aug;64(2):123-35. Epub 2011 Mar 23.
14. Ren JS, Freedman ND, Kamangar F, et al. Tea, coffee, carbonated soft drinks and upper gastrointestinal tract cancer risk in a large United States prospective cohort study. Eur J Cancer. 2010 Jul;46(10):1873-81. Epub 2010 Apr 13.
15. Kang H, Rha SY, Oh KW, et al. Green tea consumption and stomach cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Epidemiol Health. 2010 Apr 26;32:e2010001.
16. Myung SK, Bae WK, Oh SM, et al. Green tea consumption and risk of stomach cancer: a meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies.Erratum in Int J Cancer. 2009 Mar 15;124(6):1496.
17. Inoue M, Sasazuki S, Wakai K, et al. Green tea consumption and gastric cancer in Japanese: a pooled analysis of six cohort studies. Gut. 2009 Oct;58(10):1323-32. Epub 2009 Jun 7.
18. Wang ZH, Gao QY, Fang JY. Green tea and incidence of colorectal cancer: evidence from prospective cohort studies. Nutr Cancer. 2012 Nov;64(8):1143-52.
19. Sun CL, Yuan JM, Koh WP, et al. Green tea and black tea consumption in relation to colorectal cancer risk: the Singapore Chinese Health Study. Carcinogenesis. 2007 Oct;28(10):2143-8. Epub 2007 Aug 27.
20. Chen YK, Lee CH, Wu IC, et al. Food intake and the occurrence of squamous cell carcinoma in different sections of the esophagus in Taiwanese men. Nutrition. 2009 Jul-Aug;25(7-8):753-61. Epub 2009 Apr 25.
21. Sasazuki S, Tamakoshi A, Matsuo K,et al. Green tea consumption and gastric cancer risk: an evaluation based on a systematic review of epidemiologic evidence among the Japanese population. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2012 Apr;42(4):335-46. Epub 2012 Feb 27.
22. Inoue M, Sasazuki S, Wakai K, et al. Green tea consumption and gastric cancer in Japanese: a pooled analysis of six cohort studies. Gut. 2009 Oct;58(10):1323-32. Epub 2009 Jun 7. 
23. Ji BT, Chow WH, Yang G, et al. The influence of cigarette smoking, alcohol, and green tea consumption on the risk of carcinoma of the cardia and distal stomach in Shanghai, China. Cancer. 1996 Jun 15;77(12):2449-57.\
24. Yang G, Zheng W, Xiang YB, et al. Green tea consumption and colorectal cancer risk: a report from the Shanghai Men's Health Study. Carcinogenesis. 2011 Nov;32(11):1684-8. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgr186. Epub 2011 Aug 19.
25. Myung SK, Bae WK, Oh SM, et al. Green tea consumption and risk of stomach cancer: a meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies. Erratum in Int J Cancer. 2009 Mar 15;124(6):1496.
26. Mao XQ, Jia XF, Zhou G, et al. Green tea drinking habits and gastric cancer in southwest China. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2011;12(9):2179-82.
27. Chen Z, Chen Q, Xia H,et al. Green tea drinking habits and esophageal cancer in southern China: a case-control study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2011;12(1):229-33.
28. Chen YK, Lee CH, Wu IC, et al. Food intake and the occurrence of squamous cell carcinoma in different sections of the esophagus in Taiwanese men. Nutrition. 2009 Jul-Aug;25(7-8):753-61. Epub 2009 Apr 25.